ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE patent applications published on November 30th, 2023

Summary of the patent applications from ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE on November 30th, 2023

The Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) has recently filed several patents in various fields, including flexible organic light emitting elements, broadcasting signals using layered division multiplexing, wireless communication systems, communication systems, wireless power reception apparatus, intelligent tutoring systems, education in augmented reality, processing driving cooperation messages in autonomous vehicles, low-resolution face recognition devices, and image encoding methods.

Summary of Recent Patents by ETRI:

- ETRI has filed a patent for a flexible organic light emitting element, which includes a flexible substrate, circuit element layer, emission layer, and encapsulation structures. The encapsulation structures consist of inorganic and organic layers, including a polymer nanocomposite.

- Another patent application by ETRI describes an apparatus and method for broadcasting signals using layered division multiplexing. The method involves combining core and enhanced layer signals, normalizing the power, performing time interleaving, and generating a broadcast signal frame.

- ETRI has also filed a patent for a method to improve the accuracy of channel estimation in wireless communication systems. The method involves receiving reference signals, generating channel information, processing it using artificial neural networks, and improving the accuracy of channel estimation.

- ETRI's patent application for operating a terminal in a communication system involves receiving data units, generating a HARQ codebook, transmitting it back to the base station, and sharing a reference time for effective communication.

- ETRI has developed a wireless power reception apparatus that includes a resonant circuit with two paths, capacitors, gates, and a reception coil. The apparatus wirelessly receives power based on the capacitance of the resonant circuit.

- ETRI's intelligent tutoring method involves selecting utterance types, selecting grounded knowledge, generating tutor utterances, and assessing learner utterances in a current dialogue turn.

- ETRI has filed a patent for an education system in augmented reality, specifically designed for technology education. The system includes an instructor terminal, AR service providing server, and learner terminal for training using AR content.

- ETRI's patent application for processing driving cooperation messages in autonomous vehicles focuses on adjusting cooperation classes, creating driving strategies, and generating second driving cooperation messages for cooperative driving.

- ETRI has developed a low-resolution face recognition device that accurately identifies faces using high-resolution and low-resolution images. The device includes image inputters, feature extractors, a feature combiner, a feature adaptation network, and a consistency meter.

- ETRI's image encoding method involves classifying view images, pruning them, generating an atlas, and encoding the atlas and metadata, which includes information about spherical harmonic functions in 3D space.

Notable Applications:

• Flexible organic light emitting elements for improved display technology.
• Broadcasting signals using layered division multiplexing for efficient signal transmission.
• Improved accuracy of channel estimation in wireless communication systems.
• Efficient handling of data units in communication systems using HARQ codebooks.
• Wireless power reception apparatus for wireless charging technology.
• Intelligent tutoring systems for personalized and effective learning.
• Education in augmented reality for enhanced technology education.
• Enhanced communication and coordination between autonomous vehicles.
• Accurate face recognition using high-resolution and low-resolution images.
• Image encoding method for efficient storage and transmission of view images.

Patent applications for ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE on November 30th, 2023

TWO-PHOTON MICROSCOPE (18088958)

Main Inventor

Hong-Seok SEO

Brief explanation

The abstract describes a two-photon microscope that uses two laser light sources and a sensor to detect fluorescent light in a sample. 

• Two-photon microscope using two laser light sources and a sensor
• First laser generates shorter wavelength light, second laser generates longer wavelength light
• Objective lens provides both laser lights to the sample
• Sensor detects fluorescent light generated in the sample
• First and second code controllers switch the laser lights respectively

Abstract

Disclosed is a two-photon microscope. This microscope includes a first laser light source configured to generate first laser light, a second laser light source configured to generate second laser light having a longer wavelength than a wavelength of the first laser light, an objective lens configured to provide the first laser light and the second laser light to a sample, a sensor configured to detect first fluorescent light and second fluorescent light generated in the sample due to the first laser light and the second laser light, and first and second code controllers provided between the first and second laser light sources and the objective lens and configured to switch the first laser light and the second laser light respectively.

WIRELESS CHANNEL REPRODUCTION DEVICE (18120213)

Main Inventor

Dong-Uk SIM

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a wireless channel reproduction device that is designed as an internal structure of a reverberation chamber.

• The device aims to minimize measurement uncertainty by meeting recommendations for spatial uniformity and field uniformity within the working volume.
• The device includes multiple mode agitators to enhance the reproduction of wireless channels.
• The wireless channel reproduction device is intended to improve the accuracy and reliability of wireless channel measurements.

Abstract

Provided is a wireless channel reproduction device having a structure of an reverberation chamber. More specifically, the wireless channel reproduction device may minimize a measurement uncertainty by satisfying recommendations on spatial uniformity or field uniformity of a working volume and may be designed as an internal structure of an reverberation chamber including a plurality of mode agitators.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATING HOLOGRAM (18325706)

Main Inventor

Jeho NAM

Brief explanation

The patent application describes an apparatus and method for generating holograms using a complex modulation spatial light modulator (SLM).

• The apparatus measures the intensity and phase of a complex light wavefront output from the SLM.
• It analyzes the measured intensity and phase to determine characteristic information of the complex light wavefront.
• An artificial neural network is used to create distortion correction information based on the characteristic information.
• The distortion correction information is then fed back to the complex modulation SLM to correct any distortion in the complex light wavefront.

Abstract

There is provided an apparatus and method for generating a hologram through measuring intensity and a phase of a complex light wavefront that is output from a complex modulation spatial light modulator (SLM); determining characteristic information of the complex light wavefront by analyzing the measured intensity and phase of the complex light wavefront; creating distortion correction information for correcting distortion of the complex light wavefront from an artificial neural network by inputting the characteristic information to the artificial neural network; and feeding back the distortion correction information to the complex modulation SLM.

STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE (18315247)

Main Inventor

Jae Bon KOO

Brief explanation

- The patent application describes a stretchable electronic device that includes a substrate and multiple electronic elements.

- The device also includes a line part that connects the electronic elements on the substrate and has a curved portion. - The line part consists of an insulator and multiple metal lines on the insulator. - The metal lines include outermost metal lines located next to the edges of the insulator and inner metal lines positioned between the outermost metal lines. - The first ratio, which is the ratio of the distance between the outermost metal lines and the edges of the insulator to the width of each outermost metal line, is greater than the second ratio. - The second ratio is the ratio of the distance between the inner metal lines to the width of each inner metal line.

Abstract

Provided is a stretchable electronic device. The stretchable electronic device includes: a substrate; a plurality of electronic elements disposed on the substrate; and a line part configured to connect the electronic elements on the substrate and having a curved portion. Here, the line part includes: an insulator; and a plurality of metal lines disposed on the insulator, and the metal lines include: outermost metal lines adjacent to edges of the insulator; and inner metal lines disposed between the outermost metal lines. Also, a first ratio of a first distance between the outermost metal lines and the edges of the insulator to a first width of each of the outermost metal lines is greater than a second ratio of a second distance between the inner metal lines to a second width of each of the inner metal lines.

SPIKE NEURAL NETWORK CIRCUIT AND METHOD OF OPERATION THEREOF (18125552)

Main Inventor

Kwang IL OH

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a spike neural network circuit that mimics the behavior of neurons in the brain. 

• The circuit includes a weight storage that receives input spike signals and outputs data based on a weight.
• A charge sharing synaptic circuit generates a synaptic voltage based on the output data.
• A switched capacitor circuit naturally discharges the generated synaptic voltage.
• A voltage-to-current conversion circuit receives the synaptic voltage and generates a membrane voltage.
• A neuron circuit receives the membrane voltage and a threshold voltage and generates an output spike signal based on these inputs.

Abstract

Disclosed is a spike neural network circuit including a weight storage that receives an input spike signal and outputs data based on a weight, a charge sharing synaptic circuit that generates a synaptic voltage based on the output data, a switched capacitor circuit that naturally discharges the generated synaptic voltage, a voltage-to-current conversion circuit that receives the synaptic voltage and generates a membrane voltage, and a neuron circuit that receives the membrane voltage and a threshold voltage and generates an output spike signal based on the received membrane voltage and the received threshold voltage.

SPIKE NEURAL NETWORK CIRCUIT INCLUDING INPUT SPIKE DETECTING CIRCUIT AND OPERATING METHOD THEREOF (18307196)

Main Inventor

Kwang IL OH

Brief explanation

The abstract describes a spike neural network circuit that includes various components such as a synaptic circuit, an axon circuit, an input spike detecting circuit, and a first neuron circuit.

• The spike neural network circuit is designed to mimic the behavior of neurons in the brain.
• The synaptic circuit consists of synapses arranged in rows and columns, which allow for communication between different parts of the network.
• The axon circuit generates input spike signals that are provided to specific rows in the synaptic circuit.
• The input spike detecting circuit detects pulses in the input spike signals and generates an enable signal.
• The first neuron circuit compares the voltage level of an accumulated signal from a specific column with a threshold voltage level.
• If the voltage level of the accumulated signal exceeds the threshold, the first neuron circuit outputs an output spike signal.

Overall, this patent application describes a specific circuit design for a spike neural network that enables communication and processing of information within the network.

Abstract

Disclosed is a spike neural network circuit including a synaptic circuit including synapses arranged in rows and columns, an axon circuit that generates a first input spike signal to be provided to a first row among the rows, and a second input spike signal to be provided to a second row among the rows, an input spike detecting circuit that generates an enable signal when detecting a pulse from at least one of the first input spike signal and the second input spike signal, and a first neuron circuit that compares a voltage level of a first accumulated signal, which is output from a first column among the columns, with a threshold voltage level in response to the enable signal, and outputs a first output spike signal when the voltage level of the first accumulated signal exceeds the threshold voltage level.

SPIKE NEURAL NETWORK CIRCUIT (18125553)

Main Inventor

Kwang IL OH

Brief explanation

The abstract describes a spike neural network circuit that includes a pulse generator, current source arrays, a membrane capacitor, and switches.

• The circuit receives an input spike signal and generates modulation pulses based on the input signal.
• The current source arrays are controlled by a weight memory.
• The first switch delivers a calculation signal from the first current source array to the membrane capacitor in response to the first modulation pulse.
• The second switch delivers a calculation signal from the second current source array to the membrane capacitor in response to the second modulation pulse.

Abstract

Disclosed is a spike neural network circuit which includes a pulse generator that receives an input spike signal and generates a first modulation pulse and a second modulation pulse based on the input spike signal, first and second current source arrays controlled based on a weight memory, a membrane capacitor, a first switch that delivers a first calculation signal generated from the first current source array to the membrane capacitor, in response to the first modulation pulse, and a second switch that delivers a second calculation signal generated from the second current source array to the membrane capacitor, in response to the second modulation pulse.

OPTICAL ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK SYSTEM (18098339)

Main Inventor

Jin Hwa GENE

Brief explanation

The patent application describes an optical artificial neural network system.

• The system includes a first spatial light modulator that modulates incident light to generate a first light with a specific optical image.
• A concave mirror reflects the first light to generate a second light with a different optical image.
• A first polarized beam splitter is positioned between the first spatial light modulator and the concave mirror.
• A first quarter wave-plate is placed between the first spatial light modulator and the first polarized beam splitter.
• A second spatial light modulator modulates the second light reflected by the first polarized beam splitter to generate a third light with another optical image.
• A beam splitter is positioned between the first spatial light modulator and the first polarized beam splitter.
• An imaging device is included in the system.

Abstract

Disclosed is an optical artificial neural network system which includes a first spatial light modulator modulating an incident light to generate a first light having a first optical image, a concave mirror reflecting the first light to generate a second light having a second optical image, a first polarized beam splitter disposed between the first spatial light modulator and the concave mirror, a first quarter wave-plate disposed between the first spatial light modulator and the first polarized beam splitter, a second spatial light modulator generating a third light by modulating the second light reflected by the first polarized beam splitter so as to have a third optical image, a beam splitter disposed between the first spatial light modulator and the first polarized beam splitter, and an imaging device.

METHOD FOR DECODING IMMERSIVE VIDEO AND METHOD FOR ENCODING IMMERSIVE VIDEO (18323834)

Main Inventor

Hong Chang SHIN

Brief explanation

The patent application describes an image encoding method that involves classifying multiple view images into a basic image and an additional image. The method includes pruning at least one of the view images based on the classification result and generating an atlas based on the pruning. The atlas and metadata for the atlas are then encoded. The metadata includes information about spherical harmonic functions on a point in a three-dimensional space.

• Image encoding method for view images
• Classification of view images into basic and additional images
• Pruning of view images based on classification result
• Generation of an atlas based on pruning
• Encoding of the atlas and metadata
• Metadata includes information about spherical harmonic functions in 3D space

Abstract

An image encoding method according to the present disclosure may include classifying a plurality of view images into a basic image and an additional image; performing pruning for at least one of the plurality of view images based on a result of the classification; generating an atlas based on a result of performing the pruning; and encoding the atlas and metadata for the atlas. In this case, the metadata may include spherical harmonic function information on a point in a three-dimensional space.

LOW-RESOLUTION FACE RECOGNITION DEVICE AND LOW-RESOLUTION FACE RECOGNIZER LEARNING DEVICE AND METHOD (18313152)

Main Inventor

Hyungil KIM

Brief explanation

The present disclosure describes a low-resolution face recognition device that can accurately identify faces using both high-resolution and low-resolution images.

• The device includes a high-resolution face image inputter and a low-resolution face image inputter to capture different quality images of faces.
• A high-resolution face feature extractor is used to extract detailed features from the high-resolution and low-resolution face images.
• A face quality feature extractor is used to assess the quality of the face images.
• A feature combiner combines the high-resolution face feature and the face quality feature to detect the high-resolution and low-resolution face features.
• A feature adaptation network extracts high-resolution and low-resolution face feature maps using the detected features.
• A consistency meter measures the consistency of the face feature maps to determine a face ID, ensuring accurate face recognition.

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a low-resolution face recognition device, which includes a high-resolution face image inputter; a low-resolution face image inputter; a high-resolution face feature extractor configured to extract a high-resolution face feature by using high-resolution and low-resolution face images; a face quality feature extractor configured to extract face quality features by using the high-resolution and low-resolution face images; a feature combiner configured to detect the high-resolution and low-resolution face features by concatenating the high-resolution face feature and the face quality feature; a feature adaptation network configured to extract a high-resolution face feature map and a low-resolution face feature map by using the detected high-resolution and low-resolution face features, respectively; and a consistency meter configured to determine a face ID by measuring consistency of a face feature map by using the extracted high-resolution and low-resolution face feature maps.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING DRIVING COOPERATION MESSAGE (18098441)

Main Inventor

Shin-Kyung LEE

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a method and apparatus for processing a driving cooperation message in autonomous vehicles. Here is a simplified explanation of the abstract:

• Autonomous vehicles receive multiple first driving cooperation messages from neighboring autonomous vehicles.
• The cooperation classes of these messages are adjusted.
• Driving strategies are created based on the adjusted cooperation classes, with higher priority given to classes with higher priorities.
• Second driving cooperation messages are generated, including the adjusted cooperation classes and corresponding driving strategies.
• These second driving cooperation messages are sent to neighboring autonomous vehicles that require cooperative driving.

Bullet points explaining the patent/innovation:

• The invention focuses on improving the communication and coordination between autonomous vehicles.
• It introduces a method for adjusting the cooperation classes of driving cooperation messages received from neighboring autonomous vehicles.
• By adjusting the cooperation classes, the system can prioritize certain messages over others based on their importance.
• The invention also introduces a method for creating driving strategies based on the adjusted cooperation classes.
• These driving strategies help the autonomous vehicles make informed decisions on how to cooperate with each other.
• The invention further includes the generation of second driving cooperation messages that include the adjusted cooperation classes and corresponding driving strategies.
• These second driving cooperation messages are then sent to neighboring autonomous vehicles that need to engage in cooperative driving.
• Overall, the invention aims to enhance the efficiency and safety of autonomous vehicles by improving their ability to communicate and cooperate with each other on the road.

Abstract

Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for processing a driving cooperation message. The method for processing a driving cooperation message includes receiving multiple first driving cooperation messages from neighboring autonomous vehicles, adjusting cooperation classes of the multiple first driving cooperation messages, creating driving strategies corresponding to the adjusted cooperation classes in descending order of priorities of the adjusted cooperation classes, generating second driving cooperation messages including the adjusted cooperation classes and the driving strategies corresponding to the adjusted cooperation classes, and sending the second driving cooperation messages to the neighboring autonomous vehicles requiring cooperative driving.

SYSTEM FOR EDUCATION IN AUGMENTATION REALITY AND METHOD FOR THE SAME (17943737)

Main Inventor

Sung Jin HONG

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a system for education in augmented reality (AR) specifically designed for technology education in AR. 

• The system includes an instructor terminal that guides the training of learners using AR content.
• The instructor terminal identifies the training process of the learner and generates training support information.
• An AR service providing server manages the instructor terminal and learner terminal, which participate in the training using AR content.
• The instructor terminal can request the AR service providing server to provide the necessary AR content for training.
• The learner terminal transmits content training information to the AR service providing server.

Abstract

Provided is a system for education in augmented reality (AR) for technology education in AR, The system for education in AR includes an instructor terminal configured to, in order to guide training of at least one learner on site or remotely using AR content, identify a training process of the trainee and generate training support information, an AR service providing server configured to manage the instructor terminal and a learner terminal that participate in the training using the AR content based on a request of the instructor terminal, and at least one learner terminal configured to transmit content training information to the AR service providing server.

INTELLIGENT TUTORING METHOD AND SYSTEM (17960356)

Main Inventor

Jinxia HUANG

Brief explanation

The patent application describes an intelligent tutoring method for an intelligent tutoring system.

• The method involves receiving learning material and selecting an utterance type in a current dialogue turn.
• Grounded knowledge is then selected from the learning material based on the selected utterance type.
• A tutor utterance is generated using the selected utterance type, grounded knowledge, and learning material, and is outputted to the learner.
• The method also involves receiving a learner utterance in response to the tutor utterance.
• An assessment result of the learner utterance is generated by assessing it in the current dialogue turn.

Abstract

An intelligent tutoring method of an intelligent tutoring system is provided. The intelligent tutoring method includes: receiving learning material; selecting an utterance type in a current dialogue turn; selecting grounded knowledge from the learning material according to the selected utterance type in the current dialogue turn; generating a tutor utterance based on the selected utterance type, the grounded knowledge, and the learning material in the current dialogue turn and outputting it to the learner; receiving a learner utterance in response to the tutor utterance in the current dialogue turn; and generating an assessment result of the learner utterance by assessing the learner utterance in the current c dialogue turn.

WIRELESS POWER RECEPTION APPARATUS (18095697)

Main Inventor

Sang-Won KIM

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a wireless power reception apparatus.

• The apparatus includes a resonant circuit with two paths: a first path and a second path.
• The first path consists of a first capacitor and a first gate connected in series.
• The second path is connected in parallel with the first path and consists of a second capacitor and a second gate connected in series.
• The apparatus also includes a reception coil connected to the resonant circuit, which allows it to wirelessly receive power based on the capacitance of the resonant circuit.
• The received power is then used to generate power.
• The resonant circuit is designed to determine a gate driving signal to operate the first and second gates.
• The capacitance of the resonant circuit is determined based on the gate driving signal.

Abstract

Provided is a wireless power reception apparatus. The wireless power reception apparatus includes a resonant circuit including a first path and a second path, the first path including a first capacitor and a first gate connected in series, and the second path being connected in parallel with the first path and including a second capacitor and a second gate connected in series and a reception coil connected to the resonant circuit, configured to wirelessly receive power based on a capacitance of the resonant circuit, and to generate power according to the wirelessly received power, wherein the resonant circuit is configured to determine a gate driving signal to operate the first gate and the second gate and wherein the capacitance of the resonant circuit is determined according to the gate driving signal.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING DATA BASED ON SENSING IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (18366422)

Main Inventor

Cheul Soon KIM

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a method for operating a terminal in a communication system. Here is a simplified explanation of the abstract:

• The terminal receives one or more data units from a base station.
• It generates a HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) codebook for at least one of the data units at a reference time.
• The terminal then transmits the HARQ codebook back to the base station.
• The reference time is shared between the terminal and the base station.

Bullet points explaining the patent/innovation:

• The method allows the terminal to efficiently handle data units received from the base station.
• By generating a HARQ codebook, the terminal can improve the reliability of data transmission and enable error correction.
• Transmitting the HARQ codebook back to the base station allows for better coordination and synchronization between the terminal and the base station.
• Sharing a reference time ensures that both the terminal and the base station are operating on the same time frame, facilitating effective communication.

Abstract

An operation method of a terminal in a communication system may comprise: receiving one or more data units from a base station; generating a HARQ codebook for at least one dada unit of the one or more data units at a reference time; and transmitting the HARQ codebook to the base station, wherein the reference time is shared by the terminal and the base station.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (18323258)

Main Inventor

An Seok LEE

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a method for operating a receiver in a wireless communication system.

• The receiver receives reference signals from a transmitter across the entire frequency band.
• It generates first channel information by estimating the channel characteristics for each of the received reference signals.
• The first channel information is then processed using a first artificial neural network to remove any noise and improve the accuracy.
• The second channel information is generated after noise removal and is used to generate third channel information for the entire frequency band using a second artificial neural network.
• The method aims to improve the accuracy of channel estimation in wireless communication systems.

Abstract

An operation method of a receiver may comprise: receiving reference signals from a transmitter in an entire use band; generating first channel information by performing channel estimation on each of the reference signals; generating second channel information by removing noises from the first channel information using a first artificial neural network; and generating third channel information for a grid of the entire use band based on the second channel information using a second artificial neural network.

BROADCASTING SIGNAL FRAME GENERATION APPARATUS AND METHOD USING LAYERED DIVISIONAL MULTIPLEXING (18450004)

Main Inventor

Jae-Young LEE

Brief explanation

The patent application describes an apparatus and method for broadcasting signals using layered division multiplexing.

• The apparatus includes a combiner that combines a core layer signal and an enhanced layer signal at different power levels.
• A power normalizer reduces the power of the combined signal to match the power level of the core layer signal.
• A time interleaver performs interleaving on both the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal to generate a time-interleaved signal.
• A frame builder generates a broadcast signal frame that includes a preamble for signaling time interleaver information shared by the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal, using the time-interleaved signal.

Abstract

An apparatus and method for broadcast signal frame using layered division multiplexing are disclosed. An apparatus for generating broadcast signal frame according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a combiner configured to generate a multiplexed signal by combining a core layer signal and an enhanced layer signal at different power levels; a power normalizer configured to reduce the power of the multiplexed signal to a power level corresponding to the core layer signal; a time interleaver configured to generate a time-interleaved signal by performing interleaving that is applied to both the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal; and a frame builder configured to generate a broadcast signal frame including a preamble for signaling time interleaver information shared by the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal, using the time-interleaved signal.

FLEXIBLE ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT INCLUDING ENCAPSULATION STRUCTURE (18303412)

Main Inventor

Byoung-Hwa KWON

Brief explanation

The patent application describes a flexible organic light emitting element.

• The element includes a flexible substrate, a circuit element layer, an emission layer, a first encapsulation structure, and a second encapsulation structure.
• The first encapsulation structure is located between the flexible substrate and the circuit element layer.
• The second encapsulation structure is located on the emission layer.
• The first encapsulation structure consists of a first inorganic layer and a first organic layer.
• The first organic layer contains a first polymer nanocomposite.

Abstract

Provided is a flexible organic light emitting element that may include a flexible substrate, a circuit element layer on the flexible substrate, an emission layer on the circuit element layer, a first encapsulation structure between the flexible substrate and the circuit element layer, and a second encapsulation structure on the emission layer, wherein the first encapsulation structure includes a first inorganic layer and a first organic layer, which are sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the flexible substrate, and the first organic layer includes a first polymer nanocomposite.